The Great Pacific Garbage Patch Read Theory

Summary

The Great Pacific Garbage Patch (GPGP) is an intriguing and publicized environmental problem. This swirling soup of trash up to ten meters deep and merely below the water surface is composed mainly of non-degradable plastics. These plastic materials trap aquatic life and poisonous substance them past physical blockage or as carriers of toxic pollutants. The problem relates to materials science and the advent of plastics in mod life, an example of the unintended consequences of technology. Through exploring this complex issue, students gain insight into aspects of chemistry, oceanography, fluids, ecology scientific discipline, life scientific discipline and fifty-fifty international policy. Every bit part of the GIS unit, the topic is a source of content for students to create interesting maps communicating something that they will likely begin to care nigh as they learn more.

This engineering curriculum aligns to Next Generation Science Standards (NGSS).

Engineering science Connexion

Every bit with many concepts related to our surround, information technology is engineers that have enabled the mass application of technology that tin influence natural environments such as the global oceans. Information technology is fortunate, however, that it is also engineers that can assistance solve these problems. In the case of the GPGP (see Figure 1), environmental engineers and scientists assistance narrate toxicity of these plastics and formulate understanding most their fate and send. Also, the engineering field has developed and will go along to develop products that do what plastics tin can exercise but without the negative consequences (for example, bioplastics) seen at the Northward Pacific Subtropical Gyre.

Learning Objectives

After this lesson, students should be able to:

• Explain in a general sense the Great Pacific Garbage Patch (GPGP).
• Describe how the GPGP is formed.
• Explain their relationship to the GPGP and their potential for shared fault.
• Describe how the consumption of goods tin result in ecology degradation.
• Depict how plastics are created and explicate why it is that some plastics are and so resistant to degradation in the ocean.
• Name two or three major environmental impacts of the GPGP and begin solutions to solve related problems.
• Explain how ecology engineers could apply knowledge to try to solve this problem.

Educational Standards

Each TeachEngineering lesson or activity is correlated to one or more Thou-12 scientific discipline, engineering, engineering science or math (STEM) educational standards.

All 100,000+ One thousand-12 Stem standards covered in TeachEngineering are collected, maintained and packaged past the Accomplishment Standards Network (ASN), a project of D2L (world wide web.achievementstandards.org).

In the ASN, standards are hierarchically structured: first by source; e.g., by land; within source by type; e.g., science or mathematics; within type by subtype, and so past class, etc.

NGSS: Next Generation Science Standards - Scientific discipline

NGSS Functioning Expectation
MS-ESS3-four. Construct an argument supported by bear witness for how increases in human population and per-capita consumption of natural resources bear on Earth'due south systems. (Grades half-dozen - eight) Do you agree with this alignment? Thanks for your feedback!
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This lesson focuses on the following Iii Dimensional Learning aspects of NGSS:
Science & Engineering Practices	Disciplinary Core Ideas	Crosscutting Concepts
Construct an oral and written argument supported by empirical evidence and scientific reasoning to support or refute an explanation or a model for a phenomenon or a solution to a problem. Alignment agreement: Thanks for your feedback!	Typically as human populations and per-capita consumption of natural resources increase, and then practice the negative impacts on Earth unless the activities and technologies involved are engineered otherwise. Alignment agreement: Thanks for your feedback!	Cause and event relationships may be used to predict phenomena in natural or designed systems. Alignment agreement: Thank you for your feedback! All human activity draws on natural resources and has both short and long-term consequences, positive as well as negative, for the health of people and the natural environment. Alignment understanding: Thanks for your feedback! Scientific cognition can describe the consequences of actions but does not necessarily prescribe the decisions that society takes. Alignment agreement: Thanks for your feedback!

International Technology and Engineering Educators Clan - Engineering

• Students will develop an understanding of the effects of technology on the environment. (Grades Grand - 12) More Details

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• The management of waste produced by technological systems is an important societal issue. (Grades vi - 8) More than Details

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• Technology, by itself, is neither good nor bad, but decisions almost the use of products and systems can result in desirable or undesirable consequences. (Grades 6 - viii) More Details

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Land Standards

Texas - Science

• Earth and infinite. The pupil knows that natural events and man activity can bear on Earth systems. The student is expected to: (Grade vii) More Details

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• Matter and energy. The student knows that matter is composed of atoms and has chemical and physical backdrop. The pupil is expected to: (Grade 8) More Details

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More than Curriculum Like This

Middle School Activity

Plastic in the Ocean: Become the Word Out at McDonalds!

Students take part in a hypothetical scenario that challenges them to inform customers at a local restaurant of how their use and disposal of plastics relates/contributes to the Great Pacific garbage patch (GPGP).

Middle School Activity

Where Are the Plastics Near Me? (Field Trip)

Through an developed-led field trip, students organized into investigation teams catalogue the incidence of plastic debris in different environments. They investigate these plastics according to their blazon, age, location and other characteristics that might indicate what potential they have for becoming...

High School Lesson

The Plastisphere: Plastic Migration and Its Impacts

Students learn how plastics in the human trash stream end up every bit microplastic particles entering the food chains via polluted h2o, harming animals and people. They think of ways to reuse or replace the common plastic items they discard daily. They larn how microplastics persist in the surround ...

Introduction/Motivation

The Ascent of Plastics

June 12, 1958, was the date that the Disneyland opened its "House of the Future" built past Monsanto (testify Figure 2 and the online video in the Boosted Multimedia Back up section). It was a free allure that featured the about modern conveniences such as dishwashers, in-home intercoms, microwaves, televisions and especially all the uses of plastic. With closets full of polyester clothes, plastic piece of furniture and the main structure of eight pre-fabricated white plastic sections, it showed what the modern abode of the futurity would await like.

Past 1967, when the showroom closed, information technology was articulate that houses would not actually be built completely of plastics.[one, ii] Yet this illustrated the way that the U.S. felt about plastics at the fourth dimension. Plastics were a mod marvel. They were long-lasting, relatively resistant to bacterial growth, not-toxic, moldable into many shapes, easily colored and oftentimes lightweight nevertheless durable. They were also made from petroleum, which at the time seemed in limitless supply. The globe seemed brighter with plastics, and there was not much downside to be establish.

Figure 2. The "Business firm of Tomorrow" created almost entirely out of plastic by the Monsanto Company for Disneyland in Anaheim, CA, in 1957.

copyright

Copyright © 1957 Wikimedia Commons {PD} (original writer waived usage rights) http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Monsanto_House_of_the_Future.jpg

Then what practice you think? Did nosotros get the "House of Tomorrow" that Monsanto was selling? In 1 sense, no (we do not live in plastic houses that look like spaceships), but in some other sense yes. Look around the room. How many things today do you use that are made of plastic? We often sit in plastic. Our electronics are ofttimes equanimous of much plastic. Probably no one is walking around today in school who is not wearing at least something made of plastic. If you lot are an amputee, information technology is likely that you are at present yourself made of plastic in some manner! [three] And so what does that mean? Is it a good matter? Can you imagine your life without plastic? If tomorrow, plastic was outlawed, then all of a sudden you would not have prosthetic limbs, plastic soda bottles and appliance casings. Entire portions of your car would be missing. As it stands, nosotros are hopelessly dependent on plastic in our daily lives.

How do nosotros arrive at plastic? Consider plastic drink bottles. We encounter them everywhere, every day. How did something like this get made? It was made with petroleum (see Figure 3). The same blackness substance that comes out of the ground that finds its mode into cars. It's as if somewhere in that oil barrel there are, in a sense, plastic bottles. Only attain into the barrel and take one! How different is oil in appearance, texture, scent from a plastic bottle? Even so it contains many of the same substances. Beverage bottles are a grade of plastic chosen a polymer. Polymers are chemical substances fabricated from the aforementioned repeating chemic unit of measurement over and over again usually in long chains. These chains cannot exist seen when you look at a plastic canteen visually, but they are present in a much unlike chemic configuration than oil out of the basis. This explains the differences in advent and feel and why information technology is safety to potable out of a plastic bottle though not out of an oil barrel.

Figure three. At the Shell oil refinery in Deer Park, TX, plastic monomers such as vinyl chloride and ethylene are made and then polymerized into commercial grade plastics. These monomers or monomer precursors are purified in distillation columns such as these towers seen. Heavier components come out the bottom and lighter ones towards the acme.

copyright

Copyright © 2009 Nathan 50. Howell, NSF GK-12 Program, College of Engineering, University of Houston

Plastics in the Great Pacific Garbage Patch

What am I describing? Swirling masses of tiny plastic pieces just below the water surface down to 10 meters in depth. [4] An ocean trash dump hundreds to thousands of miles in size. [5] A plastic soup. [6] A identify of plastic expiry for fish and animals that either get trapped in plastic debris or mistake it for nutrient.

For those who have never heard of the Great Pacific Garbage Patch (GPGP), it is shocking to realize that something and so large with and so much plastic from many nations and fifty-fifty many generations resides in the middle of the Pacific Ocean, thousands of miles from land (run into Figure 1) and volition likely continue to practise then. Students are challenged to inform customers at a local restaurant of how their utilize and disposal of plastics relates/contributes to the Bully Pacific Garbage Patch (GPGP) with the associated activity Plastic in the Sea: Go the Discussion Out at McDonalds! Charles Moore, surfer, sailor, volunteer environmentalist, was credited with the discovery of the GPGP in 1997 when, on returning to California in a catamaran from a boat race in Hawaii, took an unusual brusque cutting across the North Pacific Subtropical Gyre. Sailors generally avoid the area because it is a loftier pressure level region of the ocean where winds swirl gently causing the waters to swirl. [4] Navigation is more often than not not efficient in these conditions. This trip and many since then have revealed the presence of large quantities of floating trash and 90% of it plastic.

Gyres are "a large-scale circular feature[s] made upwardly of ocean currents that spiral around a fundamental bespeak, clockwise in the Northern Hemisphere and counterclockwise in the Southern Hemisphere." They are natural and exist because of oceanic eddies and frontal meanders that act on the fluid in means that crusade it to consistently swirl for years at a time. [vii] Gyres exist in many parts of the world, and are not themselves a problem. The waters are difficult to navigate and are generally poor in terms of big fish species, but life exists in gyres.

The problem is that any kind of floatable waste that ends up in oceanic waters eventually finds its style to ane of these gyres, the most famous of which is the Due north Pacific Subtropical Whorl that contains the GPGP. NOAA estimates the area to be 7-ix one thousand thousand foursquare miles [seven] which, if correct, is 26-34 times the area of Texas. It cannot be seen from an airplane or past satellite because all of the plastic is simply below the h2o surface. This is why Charles Moore only just discovered it upon passing through in 1997. It was likely the GPGP was at some significant size decades before his discovery of information technology.

Figure four. An example of the kind of marine droppings masses establish in the GPGP.

copyright

Copyright © National Oceanographic and Atmospheric Administration {PD} http://world wide web.noaanews.noaa.gov/stories2006/s2733.htm

You lot might wonder how all of the plastic from far-away continents gets all the way to the centre of the Pacific Ocean. Consider what happens if you were to put a plastic fork out in a field. Will that e'er fork e'er end up the GPGP? Is it at to the lowest degree possible? All that the fork has to do is end up in fresh waterways, and that water then flows towards a bay or estuary that takes it to the coastal ocean, so farther out to sea (see Effigy 4). If a rainstorm comes and has enough runoff to move your plastic fork into a local stream, and then it could terminate up in the GPGP. In this way, you lot might argue that everyone bears some responsibility for the GPGP. Do you retrieve yous could say for certain that there isn't at least some piece of plastic y'all have used that has NOT ended up in the GPGP? Even if you put information technology in a trash truck, that plastic could have fallen off and so moved to a stream by wind and rain. Students are challenged to investigate and map plastic debris around them in the associated activities Where Are the Plastics Near Me? (Field Trip) and Where Are the Plastics Nigh Me? (Mapping the Data).

The consequences of having so much plastic in i location are primarily on marine life. Nosotros often see photographs of animals trapped in plastic, and information technology is especially poignant to meet a turtle or a seal trapped in netting or a six-pack plastic ring. Near of the GPGP research, nonetheless, bespeak that plastic does non exist equally the large constituents that they are produced as (such as bottles, forks, packaging and cases). Rather, in the GPGP they exist equally small plastic pellets chosen nurdles. [eight] Fish and other wild fauna confuse nurdles for nutrient because they are the size of smaller fish that they usually eat (see Figure v). What'south fifty-fifty worse and less predicted is that another environmental problem, chemic contaminants, combines with the plastics to concentrate them for fish to ingest. Pesticides such as DDT, chlordane and dieldrin, and industrial products such as PCBs, readily absorb to nurdles from the ocean h2o making the plastic pieces even more harmful. [9]

Figure 5. Nurdles collected from beach sands nigh Bolsa Chica and Newport Beaches in California. These are the tiny bits of plastic that can be confused for nutrient and that can bear organic contaminants.

copyright

Copyright © National Oceanographic and Atmospheric Administratio {PD} http://marinedebrisgov.blogspot.com/search/label/Nurdles.

Future Solutions for the GPGP

And then what tin be done nearly the GPGP? What do you think? An obvious action that we already do is to recycle plastic. The EPA estimated in 2008 that recycling for various kinds of plastics was at a rate of 27-29%. [10] It's adept, but not keen. Far better is to apply less plastic or none at all. Recycling and reduction helps to slow the rate of more waste being added to the GPGP, but if population grows faster than each person reduces his/her rate of plastic waste, the overall rate of plastic to ocean notwithstanding increases.

The larger problem with the GPGP is how to clean upwardly what already exists. Many believe that this trouble is likewise large for ane government or agency to deal with, and because fifty-fifty getting a more exact judge of the patch size or plastic mass is non easy, a cleanup toll guess is difficult to make up one's mind. Given enough fourth dimension the plastics should photodegrade, but this will likely take more time than would exist hoped because much of the plastic does not receive a much sunlight since information technology as much as ten meters below the surface and blocked by other plastics above information technology. One effort to effort to clean up the largest pieces of plastic in the GPGP is happening through a recently launched research vessel out of San Francisco [11], and hopefully this is only the starting time. Also, a 19-year quondam Dutch homo has proposed what is existence called an efficient and financial feasible solution (see The Ocean Cleanup).

In order to most effectively solve the bug associated with GPGP, environmental engineers must develop methods to collect and analyze data that aid them improve define the specific areas of the problem. For example, environmental engineers and scientists assistance characterize toxicity of these plastics and formulate an understanding about their fate and send. Also, the engineering field has developed and volition continue to develop products that do what plastics tin practise just without the negative consequences (for case, bioplastics) seen at the Northward Pacific Subtropical Coil.

Lesson Background and Concepts for Teachers

Time Required Note: Program on 30 minutes to introduce students to almost of the lesson concepts. For the Digital Mapping and Geographic Information Systems (GIS) unit, not all of the concepts are essential. Since the unit merely uses the GPGP every bit subject fabric for a form mapping projection, all that is required is enough time to at to the lowest degree introduce the result, a minimum of 15 minutes. Merely if the GPGP is itself to be an important source of learning materials, then this topic could easily be extended to 2 or even three 55-minute class periods.

Topic Groundwork & Concepts: The Great Pacific Garbage Patch is a circuitous issue of environmental contagion considering it is involves dissimilar contaminant types (solid waste matter, heavy metals, chlorinated organics), complex ecology phenomena (photodegradation, biodegradation, sorption, biomagnifications and nutrient web furnishings, ocean scale fluid mechanics, runoff entrainment of plastics) and many kind of biological receptors (small fish, plankton, large marine mammals and humans). It is valuable that the issue is in some respects overwhelming because ane) it provides many various necktie-ins for all kinds of science, math and technology classes, and 2) it illustrates the reality of the world that students live in—that it is both complex and not necessarily like shooting fish in a barrel to grasp. Climate change is another example of a well known environmental upshot at a similar level of complexity.

Much more could be said nearly the h2o flow aspects of the problem, which are mainly aspects of runoff, stream flow and bounding main currents. Put just, the h2o moves the plastics through two primary sources, those that are truly marine in origin and those that are land-based than subsequently become marine. Expect students to be able to identify with the prospect of something they throw away eventually finding its manner to the ocean, but the source of plastics that are as significant and sometimes more significant to the body of water pollution problem are those from ship waste. NOAA lists 3 main sources of marine-based wastes: fishing vessels, stationary platforms and cargo ships [7]. All of these marine sources tin and do release plastics, fifty-fifty though international conventions (such equally MARPOL 73/78 [12]) are in place to limit this beliefs. This dumping still occurs as in a famous Nike shoe spill incident that confirmed some sea electric current theories and the movements they make. [thirteen]

Figure half dozen. Food technologist Charles Onwulata inspects bioplastics made from excess whey protein and polyethylene, which are readily biodegradable.

copyright

Copyright © U.South. Department of Agronomics {PD} https://world wide web.ars.usda.gov/is/pr/2007/070501.htm

Persistent organic pollutants (POPs) are one frequently neglected aspect of the GPGP discussion because information technology is not as visible as the shock of seeing so much plastic floating in the sea or animals trapped in plastic. POPs are practically any compound that was more often than not created (at least primarily) by humans that is both organic and heavily resistant to environmental degradation. In a sense, plastics themselves might exist considered POPs if not for the general rule that POPs are generally considered to exist contaminants that are molecular in size and soluble (at least to some caste) in water. The term is most associated with the international Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs), and in that convention are listed 12 major chemical classes including more infamous ones like dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (Ddt), polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxin ("dioxins"), and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs). [fourteen] Near of these compounds are no longer produced intentionally, but they accept remained in the environs considering they are very stable. Almost POPs are hydrophobic and thus blot to hydrophobic surfaces, which include organic-rich sediments, suspended particles, and the lipid tissue of animals. Plastic, unfortunately, is also an organic rich substance that removes POPs that might be in a low concentration in body of water waters such that they get highly concentrated on the plastic sorbent. If animals ingest these plastic bits, the POPs come up with them, and then the compounds adsorb strongly in their lipid tissues.

Another issue that students may want to consider regarding plastics and plastics in the GPGP are bioplastics. These plastics are made from readily bachelor biological materials that may be turned into plastic. In some sense, all plastics are fabricated from "biological" materials because hydrocarbon fuels are considered themselves to exist derived from biological decay thousands of years in the by. The departure with electric current bioplastics is that they are able to degrade (photolitically and biodegradatively) in the marine surroundings and possibly even before they are introduced into the marine surround. They are made from many different feedstocks such as corn, potatoes, sugar beets, sugar cane, cassava, wheat, tapioca and soybean oil. [15, xvi] Though they are not currently in prominent use, they are gradually garnering a large share of the market, and new companies are springing up to brand them while traditional plastics producers similar DuPont are switching over from their previous industrial processes. 1 of the most common examples of bioplastics today is in Target gift cards [17], which are made of Mirel^®, a bioplastic of carbohydrate produced by microorganisms housed at the manufacturing company, Metabolix [18].

Associated Activities

• Plastic in the Sea: Become the Word Out at McDonalds! - Through a hypothetical scenario, students are challenged to inform customers at a local restaurant of how their utilize and disposal of plastics relates/contributes to the Slap-up Pacific Garbage Patch (GPGP). To do this, they enquiry the GPGP and nowadays that information in eye-communicable newsletter handouts to customers. This activity focuses on teaching students to behave online enquiry to gather information on a science-technology related topic and nowadays it in an informative fashion that includes source crediting without plagiarism.
• Where Are the Plastics Most Me? (Field Trip) - On a field trip, student investigation teams catalogue the incidence of plastic droppings in diverse environments. They sort by type, historic period, location and other characteristics, collecting qualitative and quantitative data suitable for creating their own Google Earth layer.
• Where Are the Plastics Near Me? (Mapping the Data) - Student teams organize field trip data (collected in a previous activeness) to create a useful and informative Google Globe maps. They create a map, apply that map to analyze the results, adjust the map to include the results of the analysis, and and then write a brief summary of their findings. Questions of fate-and-transport of plastics are primarily what are explored.

Lesson Closure

The lesson of plastics is similar to the lesson of many kinds of technologies that have been adult and used heavily—sometimes the environmental consequences of a technology are non understood well enough earlier the technology is suddenly everywhere. With plastics, the very characteristics that originally stimulated then much excitement about them, their immovability, depression toxicity, ease of production, are the same attributes that have created the environmental problem in the GPGP. We accept all embraced a earth of plastic. Some of the problems with plastic are well-known and hands seen (roadside garbage, landfills containing recyclable material), and some are not too-known and are mostly unseen. About people will never run into the GPGP, merely does that mean that information technology should non be understood and dealt with?

Vocabulary/Definitions

bioplastic: Plastics that still fit the conventional definition of plastics (moldable, colorable, extrudable, etc.) simply produced from readily produced biological sources that are usually plant grown or microbial grown. This is in contrast to traditional plastics, which are also polymeric, but are derived from fossil fuel feedstocks.

Great Pacific Garbage Patch: A mass of floating debris, generally plastic, in the Northwest Pacific Body of water that spins around central indicate. It is hundreds to thousands of miles long, floats just below the surface, and extends to a depth of about 10 meters.

gyre: A circular or spiral motion, especially a circular bounding main electric current. [19]

hydrophobic: A characteristic of a chemic species indicating that information technology thermodynamically prefers to adsorb to substances that are chemically more than unlike from water rather than like. Literally "water-fearing."

nurdle: A small slice of plastic broken downwards from larger plastics by photodegradation in the ocean. Too called mermaid tears.

persistent organic compound: An organic compound that is resistant to degradation chemically, biologically and photolytically.

photodegrade: Deposition of chemicals or substances in the surround past sunlight.

plastic: Any of diverse organic compounds produced by polymerization, capable of being molded, extruded, cast into various shapes and films, or drawn into filaments used as textile fibers. [19]

polymer: Macromolecules equanimous of repeating structural units called monomers typically connected by covalent chemic bonds.

Assessment

Form Discussion

Especially subsequently showing the suggested videos to students ask them questions, such every bit those listed below. Their responses, peculiarly to questions almost the GPGP cause, reveal whether or not they are grasping the issue.

1. Why is then much trash out in the center of the ocean and thousands of miles from land?
2. How does human consumerism contribute to this?
3. Would the patch be smaller if we recycled more?
4. What is that trash mostly made of?
5. How do plastics and trash become from your yard all the mode to the mid-Pacific Ocean?
6. What are some major problems with the GPGP?
7. Why is it that the patch does non collect banana peels, merely instead collects plastic?
8. What type of information would environmental engineers need to collect about the GPGP in order to starting time to solve the problem?
9. Tie-in for GIS If I wanted to use GIS to communicate to someone about the GPGP, how could I do it?

As an alternative, use these questions as a brusk-answer essay consignment to assess independent thinking on the function of the students rather than class discussion and cooperative thinking. Take students construct an argument supported by evidence for how increases in man population and per-capita consumption of natural resource impact Earth's systems. Additionally, accept them further analyze the cause and effect of the GPCP.

Newsletter

The Great Pacific Garbage Newsletter assignment (activity 3: Plastic in the Ocean: Get the Give-and-take Out at McDonalds!) serves as assessment and an ongoing learning tool. If this lesson is thoroughly presented, then look students to have less problem learning more well-nigh using the Net and putting what they are learning into a simple written format with a few images.

Additional Multimedia Back up

The following videos can be very helpful to appoint and explain to pupil the GPGP issue.

• Good Morning America special on the GPGP: https://www.schooltube.com/video/c412e0e5292291dbd194/The-Great-Pacific-Garbage-Patch-Adept-Morning-America
• Associated Press' "Disney's House of the Futurity" video c. 1957 (57 seconds): https://www.youtube.com/lookout?five=1NQ5OlY40bA
• HowStuffWorks Show: Episode 1: Corn Plastic video: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jwc-n3W9rNY
• "More Plastics Gain Popularity" 1950s video: http://www.babelgum.com/112076/plastics-gain-popularity.html

References

[1] Icon: Disney'southward Monsanto House of the Hereafter. Posted April eight, 2009. Daily Icon. Accessed March 23, 2010. http://world wide web.dailyicon.cyberspace/2009/04/icon-disneys-monsanto-firm-of-the-futurity/

[2] Monsanto House of the Hereafter. Davelandweb.com. Accessed March 23, 2010. (Many great photographs.) http://www.davelandweb.com/hof/

[3] Avant-garde Engineering science in Upper Extremity Prosthetics: Hanger Introduces the i-LIMB® Hand Revolutionary Engineering for Upper Limb Amputees. Hanger Inc. Accessed March 23, 2010. http://www.hanger.com/prosthetics/services/Technology/Pages/FeatureArea.aspx

[4] Grant, Richard. "Drowning in Plastic: The Great Pacific Garbage Patch is Twice the Size of France." Posted April 24, 2009.The Daily Telegraph Accessed March 23, 2010. http://www.telegraph.co.united kingdom/news/earth/surroundings/5208645/Drowning-in-plastic-The-Swell-Pacific-Garbage-Patch-is-twice-the-size-of-France.html

[5] Erdman, Shelby Fifty. "Scientists Report 'Garbage Patch' in Pacific Ocean." Posted August 4, 2009.Cable News Network (CNN) AccessedMarch 23, 2010. http://www.cnn.com/2009/TECH/science/08/04/pacific.garbage.patch/index.html

[6] Howden, Daniel Howden, and Marks, Kathy. "The earth's rubbish dump: a tip that stretches from Hawaii to Nihon." Posted February iv, 2008. The Independent Accessed March 23, 2010. http://www.independent.co.uk/environment/the-worlds-rubbish-dump-a-garbage-tip-that-stretches-from-hawaii-to-nihon-778016.html

[7] NOAA Marine Debris Program. Office of Response and Restoration, NOAA. Accessed March 23, 2010. http://marinedebris.noaa.gov/

[viii] Silverman, Jacob. "Why is the earth'south biggest landfill in the Pacific Ocean?" Published September 19, 2007.Howstuffworks. Accessed March 23, 2010. http://scientific discipline.howstuffworks.com/great-pacific-garbage-patch.htm

[ix] Kostigen, Thomas M. "Meliorate Planet The World'south Largest Dump: The Swell Pacific Garbage Patch: In the cardinal Northward Pacific, plastic outweighs surface zooplankton 6 to 1." Published July 10, 2008.Discover.Accessed March 23, 2010. http://discovermagazine.com/2008/jul/10-the-worlds-largest-dump

[10] Municipal Solid Waste Generation, Recycling, and Disposal in the United States: Facts and Figures for 2008. Published November 2009. U.South. Ecology Protection Agency (EPA), Washington, DC. Accessed March 23, 2010. https://www.epa.gov/sites/production/files/2015-09/documents/2012_msw_fs.pdf

[11] Pope, Frank. "Mission to break up Pacific island of rubbish twice the size of Texas." Published May 2, 2009. The Times. Accessed March 23, 2010. http://world wide web.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/environment/article6206498.ece

[12] International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships (MARPOL). Adoption 1973. International Maritime Organization. Accessed March 23, 2010. http://world wide web.imo.org/About/Conventions/ListOfConventions/Pages/International-Convention-for-the-Prevention-of-Pollution-from-Ships-(MARPOL).aspx

[13] Sullivan, Walter. "If the Shoe Floats, Follow It." Published September 22, 1992.The New York Times. Accessed March 23, 2010. http://www.nytimes.com/1992/09/22/science/if-the-shoe-floats-follow-it.html?scp=ane&sq=hansa+carrier&st=nyt

[fourteen] Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs). United Nations Environment Program (UNEP). Accessed March 23, 2010. http://chm.pops.int/Home/tabid/2121/mctl/ViewDetails/EventModID/871/EventID/407/xmid/6921/Default.aspx

[15] Ryan, Denise "I Word: Bioplastics | The Technology Gains Momentum, But Hurdles Remain." Published March 2008.Nerac Insights. Accessed March 23, 2010. http://www.nerac.com/nerac_insights.php?category=articles&id=79

[16] Greenemeir, Larry. "Making Plastic Out of Pollution: An emerging crop of companies making plastic out of renewable resources and waste products promises to deliver an environmentally friendly harvest." Published November eight, 2007.Scientific American. Accessed March 23, 2010. https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/making-plastic-out-of-pol/

[17] Der Hovanesian, Mara. "I Have Just One Give-and-take for You: Bioplastics." Published August 14, 2008.Business Week. Accessed March 23, 2010.

[eighteen] Mirel: Metabolix. (Mirel is a family of high-operation bioplastics that are biobased and biodegradable plastic alternatives to many petroleum-based plastics.) Bioplastics by Telles. Accessed March 23, 2010. http://www.mirelplastics.com/

Copyright

© 2013 past Regents of the University of Colorado; original © 2010 University of Houston

Contributors

Nathan Howell; Andrey Koptelov

Supporting Program

National Science Foundation GK-12 and Research Experience for Teachers (RET) Programs, University of Houston

Acknowledgements

This digital library content was developed by the University of Houston'south College of Engineering nether National Science Foundation GK-12 grant number DGE 0840889. Yet, these contents do non necessarily represent the policies of the NSF and you lot should not assume endorsement by the federal regime.

Concluding modified: March ii, 2022

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Source: https://www.teachengineering.org/lessons/view/uoh_dig_mapping_less3

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